10. Ibid.

11. C. F. Goodfellow et al., “Oxytocin Deficiency at Delivery with Epidural Analgesia,” Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90, no. 3 (1983): 214–219.

12. O. Behrens et al., “Effects of Lumbar Epidural Analgesia on Prostaglandin F2 Alpha Release and Oxytocin Secretion During Labor,” Prostaglandins 45, no. 3 (1993): 285–296.

13. R. Jouppila et al., “Maternal and Umbilical Venous Plasma Immunoreactive Beta-Endorphin Levels During Labor With and Without Epidural Analgesia,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 147, no. 7 (1983): 799–802.

14. T. J. Scull et al., “Epidural Analgesia in Early Labour Blocks the Stress Response but Uterine Contractions Remain Unchanged,” Can J Anaesth 45, no. 7 (1998): 626–630.

15. A. Costa et al., “Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Catecholamines in Maternal, Umbilical and Neonatal Plasma in Relation to Vaginal Delivery,” J Endocrinol Invest 11, no. 10 (1988): 703–709.

16. M. Odent, “The Fetus Ejection Reflex,” in The Nature of Birth and Breastfeeding (Sydney: Ace Graphics, 1992): 29–43.

17. R. P. Lederman et al., “Anxiety and Epinephrine in Multiparous Women in Labor: Relationship to Duration of Labor and Fetal Heart Rate Pattern,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 153, no. 8 (1985): 870–877.

18. G. Arici et al., “The Effects of Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine and Mepivacaine on the Contractility of Rat Myometrium,” Int J Obstet Anesth 13, no. 2 (2004): 95–98.

19. B. L. Leighton and S. H. Halpern, “The Effects of Epidural Analgesia on Labor, Maternal, and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 186, Supplement 5: Nature (2002): S69–S77.

20. Ibid.

21. E. Lieberman et al., “Changes in Fetal Position During Labor and their Association with Epidural Analgesia,” Obstet Gynecol 105, no. 5 (2005): 974–982.

22. S. E. Ponkey et al., “Persistent Fetal Occiput Posterior Position: Obstetric Outcomes,” Obstet Gynecol 101, no. 5, pt. 1 (2003): 915–920.

23. COMET Study Group UK, “Effect of Low-Dose Mobile versus Traditional Epidural Techniques on Mode of Delivery: A Randomised Controlled Trial,” Lancet 358, no. 9275 (2001): 19–23.

24. J. H. Johnson et al., “Immediate Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Forceps and Vacuum-Assisted Deliveries,” Obstet Gynecol 103, no. 3 (2004): 513–518.

25. B. S. Jhawar et al., “Risk Factors for Intracranial Hemorrhage Among Full-Term Infants: A Case-Control Study,” Neurosurgery 52, no. 3 (2003): 581–590 (discussion, 588–590).

26. W. G. McBride et al., “Method of Delivery and Developmental Outcome at Five Years of Age,” Med J Aust 1, no. 8 (1979): 301–304.

27. B. D. Wesley et al., “The Effect of Forceps Delivery on Cognitive Development,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 169, no. 5 (1993): 1091–1095.

28. S. H. Poggi et al., “Effect of Epidural Anaesthesia on Clinician-Applied Force During Vaginal Delivery,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 191, no. 3 (2004): 903–906.

29. See Note 19.

30. C. L. Roberts et al., “Rates for Obstetric Intervention Among Private and Public Patients in Australia: Population Based Descriptive Study,” Br Med J 321, no. 7254 (2000): 137–141.

31. See Note 19.

32. E. Lieberman and C. O”Donoghue, “Unintended Effects of Epidural Analgesia During Labor: A Systematic Review,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 186, Supplement 5: Nature (2002): S31–S68.

33. J. A. Thorp et al., “The Effect of Continuous Epidural Analgesia on Cesarean Section for Dystocia in Nulliparous Women,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 161, no. 3 (1989): 670–675.

34. See Note 23.

35. L. M. Goetzl, “Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia,” ACOG Practice Bulletin, Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists no. 36, Obstet Gynecol 100, no. 1 (July 2002): 177–191.

36. L. J. Mayberry et al., “Epidural Analgesia Side Effects, Co-Interventions, and Care of Women During Childbirth: A Systematic Review,” Am J Obstet Gynecol 186, Supplement 5: Nature (2002): S81–S93.

37. D. B. Scott and B. M. Hibbard, “Serious Non-Fatal Complications Associated with Extradural Block in Obstetric Practice,” Br J Anaesth 64, no. 5 (1990): 537–541.

38. See Note 36.

39. See Note 35.

40. See Note 36.

41. D. Buggy and J. Gardiner, “The Space Blanket and Shivering During Extradural Analgesia in Labour,” Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39, no. 4 (1995): 551–553.

42. See Note 36.

43. Ibid.

44. See Note 19.

45. See Note 32.

46. E. Lieberman et al., “Epidural Analgesia, Intrapartum Fever, and Neonatal Sepsis Evaluation,” Pediatrics 99, no. 3 (1997): 415–419.

47. P. DeBalli and T. W. Breen, “Intrathecal Opioids for Combined Spinal-Epidural Analgesia During Labour,” CNS Drugs 17, no. 12 (2003): 889–904 (892–893).

48. N. S. Saunders et al., “Neonatal and Maternal Morbidity in Relation to the Length of the Second Stage of Labour,” Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99, no. 5 (1992): 381–385.

49. L. St. George and A. J. Crandon, “Immediate Postpartum Complications,” Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 30, no. 1 (1990): 52–56.

50. E. F. Magann et al., “Postpartum Hemorrhage after Vaginal Birth: An Analysis of Risk Factors,” South Med J 98, no. 4 (2005): 419–422.

51. T. M. Eggebo and L. K. Gjessing, [“Hemorrhage After Vaginal Delivery”], Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 120, no. 24 (2000): 2860–2863

52. B. Ploeckinger et al., “Epidural Anaesthesia in Labour: Influence on Surgical Delivery Rates, Intrapartum Fever and Blood Loss,” Gynecol Obstet Invest 39, no. 1 (1995): 24–27.

53. L. Gilbert et al., “Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Continuing Problem,” Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94, no. 1 (1987): 67–71.

54. See Note 48.

55. See Note 35.

56. M. J. Paech et al., “Complications of Obstetric Epidural Analgesia and Anaesthesia: A Prospective Analysis of 10,995 Cases,” Int J Obstet Anesth 7, no. 1 (1998): 5–11.

57. P. C. Stride and G. M. Cooper, “Dural Taps Revisited: A 20-Year Survey from Birmingham Maternity Hospital,” Anaesthesia 48, no. 3 (1993): 247–255.

58. S. N. Costigan and J. S. Sprigge, “Dural Puncture: The Patients” Perspective. A Patient Survey of Cases at a DGH Maternity Unit 1983–1993,” Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40, no. 6 (1996): 710–714.

59. See Note 56.

60. See Note 37.

61. See Note 56.

62. D. B. Scott and M. E. Tunstall, “Serious Complications Associated with Epidural/Spinal Blockade in Obstetrics: A Two-Year Prospective Study,” Int J Obstet Anesth 4, no. 3 (1995): 133–139.

63. J. S. Crawford, “Some Maternal Complications of Epidural Analgesia for Labour,” Anaesthesia 40, no. 12 (1985): 1219–1225.

64. F. Reynolds, “Epidural Analgesia in Obstetrics,” Br Med J 299, no. 6702 (1989): 751–752.