65. See Note 37.

66. See Note 62.

67. See Note 63.

68. See Note 64.

69. MIDIRS and The NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, “Epidural Pain Relief During Labour,” in Informed Choice for Professionals (Bristol: MIDIRS, 1999): pg 5

70. See Note 37.

71. R. Fernando et al., “Neonatal Welfare and Placental Transfer of Fentanyl and Bupivacaine During Ambulatory Combined Spinal Epidural Analgesia for Labour,” Anaesthesia 52, no. 6 (1997): 517–524.

72. J. Littleford, “Effects on the Fetus and Newborn of Maternal Analgesia and Anesthesia: A Review,” Can J Anaesth 51, no. 6 (2004): 586–609.

73. G. Capogna, “Effect of Epidural Analgesia on the Fetal Heart Rate,” Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 98, no. 2 (2001): 160–164.

74. C. J. Aldrich et al., “The Effect of Maternal Posture on Fetal Cerebral Oxygenation During Labour,” Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102, no. 1 (1995): 14–19.

75. E. Lieberman et al., “Intrapartum Maternal Fever and Neonatal Outcome,” Pediatrics 105, no. 1, pt. 1 (2000): 8–13.

76. L. Impey et al., “Fever in Labour and Neonatal Encephalopathy: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Br J Obstet Gynaecol 108, no. 6 (2001): 594–597.

77. See Note 75.

78. See Note 32.

79. K. Thorngren-Jerneck and A. Herbst, “Low 5-Minute Apgar Score: A Population-Based Register Study of 1 Million Term Births,” Obstet Gynecol 98, no. 1 (2001): 65–70.

80. M. Kumar and B. Paes, “Epidural Opioid Analgesia and Neonatal Respiratory Depression, J Perinatol 23, no. 5 (2003): 425–427.

81. Ibid.

82. T. Hale, Medications and Mother”s Milk (Amarillo, TX: Pharmasoft, 1997): {pg.#s?}. p 76

83. See Note 71.

84. T. Hale, “The Effects on Breastfeeding Women of Anaesthetic Medications Used During Labour,” The Passage to Motherhood Conference, Brisbane, Australia (1998),

85. See Note 32.

86. W. Camann and T. B. Brazelton, “Use and Abuse of Neonatal Neurobehavioral Testing,” Anesthesiology 92, no. 1 (2000): 3–5.

87. R. Gaiser, “Neonatal Effects of Labor Analgesia,” Int Anesthesiol Clin 40, no. 4 (2002): 49–65.

88. S. H. Halpern et al., “The Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score is Not a Reliable Method of Newborn Evaluation,” Anesthesiology 94, no. 6 (2001): 958–962.

89. See Note 32.

90. A. D. Murray et al., “Effects of Epidural Anesthesia on Newborns and their Mothers,” Child Dev 52, no. 1 (1981): 71–82.

91. C. M. Sepkoski et al., “The Effects of Maternal Epidural Anesthesia on Neonatal Behavior During the First Month,” Dev Med Child Neurol 34, no. 12 (1992): 1072–1080.

92. D. B. Rosenblatt et al., “The Influence of Maternal Analgesia on Neonatal Behaviour: II. Epidural Bupivacaine,” Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88, no. 4 (1981): 407–413.

93. See Note 90.

94. See Note 91.

95. See Note 92.

96. See Note 71.

97. J. R. Loftus et al., “Placental Transfer and Neonatal Effects of Epidural Sufentanil and Fentanyl Administered with Bupivacaine During Labor,” Anesthesiology 83, no. 3 (1995): 300–308.

98. See Note 23.

99. See Note 90: 71.

100. D. Krehbiel et al., “Peridural Anesthesia Disturbs Maternal Behavior in Primiparous and Multiparous Parturient Ewes,” Physiol Behav 40, no. 4 (1987): 463–472.

101. M. S. Golub and S. L. Germann, “Perinatal Bupivacaine and Infant Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys,” Neurotoxicol Teratol 20, no. 1 (1998): 29–41.

102. M. S. Golub, “Labor Analgesia and Infant Brain Development,” Pharmacol Biochem Behav 55, no. 4 (1996): 619–628 (619).

103. L. Righard and M. O. Alade, “Effect of Delivery Room Routines on Success of First Breast-Feed,” Lancet 336, no. 8723 (1990): 1105–1107.

104. M. K. Matthews, “The Relationship Between Maternal Labour Analgesia and Delay in the Initiation of Breastfeeding in Healthy Neonates in the Early Neonatal Period,” Midwifery 5, no. 1 (1989): 3–10.

105. A. B. Ransjo-Arvidson et al., “Maternal Analgesia During Labor Disturbs Newborn Behavior: Effects on Breastfeeding, Temperature, and Crying,” Birth 28, no. 1 (2001): 5–12.

106. E. Nissen et al., “Effects of Maternal Pethidine on Infants” Developing Breast Feeding Behaviour,” Acta Paediatr 84, no. 2 (1995): 140–145.

107. L. Rajan, “The Impact of Obstetric Procedures and Analgesia/Anaesthesia During Labour and Delivery on Breast Feeding,” Midwifery 10, no. 2 (1994): 87–103.

108. S. Radzyminski, “Neurobehavioral Functioning and Breastfeeding Behavior in the Newborn,” J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 34, no. 3 (2005): 335–341.

109. J. Riordan et al., “The Effect of Labor Pain Relief Medication on Neonatal Suckling and Breastfeeding Duration,” J Hum Lact 16, no. 1 (2000): 7–12.

110. K. G. Dewey et al., “Risk Factors for Suboptimal Infant Breastfeeding Behavior, Delayed Onset of Lactation, and Excess Neonatal Weight Loss,” Pediatrics 112, no. 3, pt. 1 (2003): 607–619.

111. S. Radzyminski, “The Effect of Ultra Low Dose Epidural Analgesia on Newborn Breastfeeding Behaviors,” J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 32, no. 3 (2003): 322–331.

112. D. J. Baumgarder et al., “Effect of Labor Epidural Anesthesia on Breast-Feeding of Healthy Full-Term Newborns Delivered Vaginally,” J Am Board Fam Pract 16, no. 1 (2003): 7–13.

113. P. Volmanen et al., “Breast-Feeding Problems After Epidural Analgesia for Labour: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Pain, Obstetrical Procedures and Breast-Feeding Practices,” Int J Obstet Anesth 13, no. 1 (2004): 25–29.

114. See Note 103.

115. See Note 105.

116. S. Kannan et al., “Maternal Satisfaction and Pain Control in Women Electing Natural Childbirth,” Reg Anesth Pain Med 26, no. 5 (2001): 468–472.

117. J. M. Green et al., “Expectations, Experiences, and Psychological Outcomes of Childbirth: A Prospective Study of 825 Women,” Birth 17, no. 1 (1990): 15–24.

118. B. M. Morgan et al., “Analgesia and Satisfaction in Childbirth (The Queen Charlotte”s 1000 Mother Survey),” Lancet 2, no. 8302 (1982): 808–810.

119. M. C. Klein et al., “Epidural Analgesia Use as a Marker for Physician Approach to Birth: Implications for Maternal and Newborn Outcomes,” Birth 28, no. 4 (2001): 243–248.