tindakan pencegahan eksternal Lain untuk mengurangi trauma perineum antara lain:

– Pijat perineum (Sumber: http://www.sid.ir/En/ViewPaper.asp?ID=166776&varStr=5;ATARHA M.,VAKILIAN K.,AKBARI TORKESTANI N.,HEYDARI T.,BAYATIAN Y.;HAYAT;SUMMER 2009;15;2;15;22) Memijat dengan esensi lavender pada tahap kala dua juga ditunjukkan untuk mencegah air mata. (Sumber: http://www.sid.ir/en/ViewPaper.asp?ID=166993&varStr=4;ATARHA M.,VAKILIAN K.,ROUZBAHANI NASRIN,BEKHRADI R.;JOURNAL OF BABOL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (JBUMS);OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 2009;11;4 (51);25;30)

– Kompres hangat (hangat, kain basah di tempelkan ke wilayah tersebut selama tahap mendorong/mengejan). (Sumber: http://journals.lww.com/mcnjournal/Abstract/2007/05000/Getting_Through_Birth_in_One_Piece__Protecting_the.8.aspx)

– Posisi melahirkan dengan miring (posisi litotomi meningkatkan risiko robekan). (Sumber: http://journals.lww.com/mcnjournal/Abstract/2007/05000/Getting_Through_Birth_in_One_Piece__Protecting_the.8.aspx)

– posisi janin yang Optimal (presentasi cephalic abnormal sangat berhubungan dengan robekan perineum yang lebih parah). (Sumber: http://www.springerlink.com/content/w810066667mqj2t7/?MUD=MP ) L

Lihat situs ini untuk mendapatkan tips tentang mengatur/mengupayakan posisi bayi yang ideal persalinan :

· http://www.spinningbabies.com/

· https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:BDs5cPdRhKUJ:www.bellybeginnings.com/Handouts/AvoidingAPosteriorBaby.pdf optimum fetal positioning&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESglSMCpSWtX3NCONSPN2T1rMR3z8Pwhv6HMdV9anbgCeEJZ1gr3mVd3-yEzTnv6y9OdNvJy4dVspDZyCenMsnYMtMM_HtZA0XnKaUA9G1MFY8gY8hJqZd-dJC_gb16efinrGkfc&sig=AHIEtbQQe2ttUuggzhKWvX4UjqHVNnwpWQ&pli=1

Sumber lainnya yang bisa Anda buka dan pelajari untuk mencegah robekan perineum:

1. Aasheim, V, Nilsen, AB, Lukasse, M & Reinar, LM 2011 ‘Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma’. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006672. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006672.pub2.

2. AIHW 2011 Australia’s mothers and babies 2009, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra: www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420870

3. Albers, L, Garcia, J, Renfrew, M, McCandlish, R & Elbourne, D 1999, ‘Distribution of genital tract trauma and related postnatal pain’, Birth , vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 11-5.

4. Albers, LL & Borders, N 2007, ‘Minimizing genital tract trauma and related pain following spontaneous vaginal birth’, MIDIRS Midwifery Digest , vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 246-53.

5. Albers, LL, Anderson, D, Cragin, L & al, e 1996, ‘Factors related to perineal trauma in childbirth’, Journal of Nurse Midwifery , vol. 41, pp. 269-76.

6. Albers, LL, Sedler, KD, Bedrick, EJ, Teaf, D & Peralta, P 2005, ‘Midwifery measures in the second stage of labor and reduction of genital tract trauma at birth: a randomized trial’,Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health , vol. 50, pp. 365-72.

7. Altman, D, Ragnar, I, Ekstrom, A & al, e 2007, ‘Anal sphincter lacerations and upright delivery postures – a risk analysis from a randomized controlled trial’, International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction , vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 141-6.

8. Beckmann, MM & Garrett, AJ 2006, Antenatal perineal massage for reduced perineal trauma (review) , The Cochrane Collaboration.

9. Carroli G & Mignini L 2009 ‘Episiotomy for vaginal birth’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000081. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000081.pub2.

10. Cronin, R & Maude, R 2010, To suture or not to suture second degree lacerations: what informs this decision?’ MIDIRS Midwifery Digest , vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 69-81.

11. Dahlen, H & Homer, C 2008, ‘Perineal trauma and postpartum perineal morbidity in Asian and Non-Asian primiparous women giving birth in Australia’, JOGNN , vol. 37, pp. 455-463.

12. Dahlen, H, Homer, C & Leap N 2011, ‘From social to surgical: historical perspectives on perineal care during labour and birth’, Women and Birth , vol. 24, pp. 105-111.